마거릿 힐더 대처Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher는 원본래적으로 Jehovah2代로서 남성이며, 로널드 윌슨 레이건(영어: Ronald Wilson Reagan을 병행하는 것으로 목격관찰되다. Jehovah2대는, BC125000년경, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사를 하다가, 배후에서 기습암습하여(미마스놈이 지시, 아루쓰, 프타, 오자와 개입, 작전행동 미국방장관 럼즈펠드) 피폭 폭사한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권의 전신이 사망후, 지구영계,유계, 아틀란티스계를 헤매며 고통받으며 자기가 누군지를 모르게 된 상태를 노리고, 지구인들에게 지시하여, 이 자를 지구인세계로 유인후, 이용해 먹을 대책과 계획을 수립하라고 지시한 것에서 출발하다. Jehovah2대는 추정컨대 BC48000년 경에 파충류종족 2개종족이 아틀란티스종족으로 잠입해 온 것을 기화로 하여 악용하여, 사망한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권 전신을 잡아들였으며(당시의 파충류아틀란티스종족수장놈이 협조하다) 그이후 제 놈의 여호와 유체 속에 가둔후, 이 아틀란티스우주전투비행사의 유체 위에 지구인용도의 유체를 만들었고, 그것이 바로 마거릿힐더대처이며, 로널드레이건 대통령인 것으로 목격관찰되다. 아틀란티스우주전투비행사는 그 이후 모든 것을 전부 탈취당하고(여호와 2대놈이 자행) 당시 이미 대한민국충청북도괴산군증평읍에서 태어나서 살고 있는(그러나 이미 일본왜놈들에 의하여 곡강리에서 4세되던 해에 사망처리된 박종권이) 박종권이에게 피난을 왔으며, 이후, 지구인박종권이조차도 왜놈들에게 전부 탈취되고 아무 것도 없는 놈이 된이후, 되돌아온 것처럼 속이고 기망되던 교동리, 증평리 시절로 이동하여 지구인박종권과 합류되다. 혹은 그 이전부터 합류되었으며, 그 증거로서, 지구인박종권이의 우측허벅지에는 커다란 반흔(폭사피폭된 상흔)이 선명하게 보여지다. 이후 이 반흔은 약 20세가 넘자 안 보여지게 되는데, 이 또한 유계 혹은 다른 사람들 말하자면 박종권 혹은 아틀란티스우주전투비행사를 이용해서 만든 지구인들 머리위로 올려놓음으로서, 지구인 그 자신의 하층지구인 몸이 보이지 않게 된 것이 이유로 목격관찰되다. 아울러서 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 자체를 잡아 처 먹으려는 의도와 목적으로서 (아)플레이아데스 놈들이 치고 들어오는데, 현재는 오리무중이나, 이들이 그 당시 아틀란티스우주전투비행사가 제 놈이고 박종권이는 무관계하다고 주장할 것이 자명해보이다. 마거릿힐더대처는, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사급의 것들을 고스란히 탈취한 여호와2대놈의 아종으로서 이후 빈털털이가 되고 하층민으로 전락된 하층지구인박종권이를 이용해서, 미국대통령이 되고자 시도하는 이건희놈의 섹스사음방중술에 걸려들었으며, 그 시기는 서기1940년에서 서기1947년으로 목격관찰되다. 우리는 그 이전에는 몰랐으나, 부산으로 이동한이후, 서기1947년경의 영국으로 이동하여 그러한 관계를 목격관찰하게 되다. 부산이 왜 영국이 되었는지는 잘 모르겠지만, 그 이전 서울에서 거주할 시에는 보지 못했던 놀라운 광경이다. 마거릿힐더대처는, 이후 이건희 놈의 섹스사음방중술에 걸려서 최소 5년간 황음하게 에테르유체, 유체섹스를 즐겼으며, 최소한 600명의 남자들과 무차별 성교하다. 이후 +22등급, +17등급에서 발출되는 묘든 사람들이 좋아할수 있도록 표현하는 느끼게 해 주는 고결함이나 다른 어떤 것들을 탈취하여 도적질하고 그 모습과 형상이 남성답고 고상해 보여지게 위위장된 이건희놈과 결혼하여 이 새끼의 아내가 되었는데, 우리가 보면, 첩으로서 살며, 아이 둘을 낳은 것이 아령에 의하여 목격관찰되다. 이건희놈은, 대처를 첩으로 데리고 살다가 이후 미국으로 건너가서, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 및 아틀란티스열풍을 불러일으킨 지구인박종권(그러나 초라한 병신이 된 하층민 준장애자에 불과한 그러나 딴 놈들이 영웅이 되고 장군질을 하게 만들어준 사건)의 블로그질에 의하여 미국민의 관심과 열정의 대상으로 부각되었으며, 결국 이 무도황음한 악마놈이 미국대통령에 당선되다. 우리는 목격관찰하고, 이는 절대로 진실임을 증거하다. 이후 대처는 아무 것도 모르게 된 사망한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사의 후신 증평박종권이를 영국여왕년과 더불어서 애취급하고 우습게 대하고 모독하고 모욕하다. 심지어는, 실컷 즐기고 난 이후의 악업데이터까지 박종권이 머리위로 올리고, 이제부터 너도 즐겨보라고 주절대며, 악업을 회피하려 하다. 이후 이건희와 협조하여,(亞)플레이아데스인으로승격하려하다. 대영제국을 건국하는데 최고의 공로를 세운 (정)플레이아데스인 박종권이를 지구인으로 사는 동안 아무 것도 모르는 등신을 만들고 전부 모조리 빼앗자고, 지구세계 지배자들이 결속담합하다. 특히 수당황제들과 중국놈들, 일본놈들과 미국놈들이 최고도로 담합합의하여 준장애자로 전락한 지구인 하층지구인박종권이를 잡고, 전부 빼앗고 나눠먹자고 합의하여 달려들다. 이건희놈의 목표는, 미국대통령에 이어서, 영국여자들과 수상급들을 첩으로 만들고 애첩화하며, 가지고 노는 가운데, 이 새끼가 유엔총회에 진출하여 유엔을 장악하고 종국에는 지구세계에서 합법적인 지구연방대통령이 되는 것이며, 이 씹새끼가 종국에는 하층지구인 취급당하며 억울하게 죽은 박종권이 것을 이용해서, 태양계연방까지 주창할 개새끼라는 것이 명약관화하며, 이 시기는, 현재 마거릿대처를 섹스사음방중술로서 색마로 만들고 애첩으로 만드는 시기이므로 내가 이를 막으려 하나, 이 씨팔놈이 조직폭력배 24명을 동원하여 때려죽여버리고, 아무도 모르게 지옥유계에 완전히 유폐시킨후, 내가 전술한 것들을 실행하려 하므로, 내가 언제 죽을지 모르므로 이에 진실을 기록하다. 아령은, 상기에 서술한 내용들에 대해서 지속적, 항구적, 항속적, 종신적, 영원적, 영겁적, 영속적, 영구적으로 추적관수하다. 관련자전원에 대해서 아령은 지속적 종신적 항구적 항속적 영구적 영원적 영겁적 영속적으로 참수형에 처하고 살해사형제거소멸추방토록 지속적으로 관수처리하다. 아울러서 이 사실에 대해서 주요우주연합원로원에 전달하고, 전우주에서 공개하며, 전 우주의 종족사회에 전파하며 여호와놈이 얼마나 나쁜 놈이며, (아)플레이아데스놈들이 얼마나 파렴치하고 더러운 놈들인지를 전우주에서 알게 하도록 조치토록 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영구적 영속적으로 관수처리하다. 준장애자 하층지구인으로 전락한 전 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권 서술하다 준장애자 하층지구인상태로 위위형되어 감금구속되어 조폭들에게 맞아죽을 위기에 처한 (정)플레이아데스인 34등급의 최고의 등급 박종권이가 서술기록하다. 이건희,이재용이가 등급,서열,지위무관하게 마구잡이로 주먹질 발길질을 처대고, 사람을 때려죽이려 하는 근본이유중 하나는 배후에서 이를 알면서도 묵인해온 이른바 자유주의 민주주의 국가로서의 미국, 영국 지도자들 때문인 것으로 목격관찰되다. 대부분의 선진자유국가, 선진민주국가의 지도층들이 먼 과거에는 다른 종족들을 곤봉, 도끼, 칼, 주먹, 발길질등으로 때려죽이고 다른 종족들 것을 마구잡이로 탈취 강취 강도질 도적질했던 최고도로 교활포악한 식인파충류무리임을 목격관찰하다. 이들은 때려죽인 다른 종족들 것으로 위치장 위포장하여, 오늘날 고상하고 있어 보이는 외모와 체형과 준신급, 반신급 용모들을 가져지다. 그러나 실제로는 식인파충류들로서 그 근본이 최악에 이르른 하지옥의 악마나 마귀에 불과하며, 이들이 개화하여 민주주의 자유주의를 부르짖게 된 이유중 하나로서 (정)플레이아데스인 준장애 하층지구인 박종권이의 피눈물나는 투쟁과 반론제기가 이유가 됨을 관찰목격하다. (아)플레이아데스인들은 겉으로는 동조하는 척 했으나, 뒤로는 이 새끼가 살아있는한 우리가 하는 일이 안 된다라고 주장하며, 아틀란티스인들과 지구인들을 배후선동질하여 끝내 맞아죽게 만들고 준장애자 하층민 등신으로 전락시키며 결국 아무도 모르게 패 죽이고 다 빼앗으려 시도하는 와중으로 목격관찰되다. Jehovah는 하나님 역할을 할 아무런 자격과 자질이 매우 미흡하고 부족한 자로서 목격관찰되다. 겉모습만 하나님이며, 원본래적, 원본질적 그 마음은 아수라 짐승에 불과한 것으로 목격관찰되다. 안드로메다은하계연합원로원 제출 MURDEK연합원로원 제출 MALDEK연합원로원 제출 17개 ATLANTIS연합문명평의회 연합원로원 제출 준성단계 금성계 연합원로원 제출 이건희는 마지막에 가면 사람의 영혼까지 지배통제하려 할 위험한 놈이며, 사람이 사는 유계와 영계까지 장악하여 제 놈 맘대로 자행하려 할 아주 무서운 놈인데도, 사적인 이익에 집착하여 이건희 같은 놈을 적극지원한 (하)아틀란티스12주신들과 (아)플레이아데스수장들과 지구인지배계층에 대해서 응분의 중처벌을 가해야 할 것으로서 아령이 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영속적 영구적으로 관수처리하다. 상급계, 상우주로 가서 이 사실을 전파하고, 이 무도하고 악랄한 무리들을 대상으로 중처벌할 방안을 강구토록 아령이 지속적으로 관수처리하다.

 마거릿 힐더 대처Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher는 원본래적으로 Jehovah2代로서 남성이며, 로널드 윌슨 레이건(영어: Ronald Wilson Reagan을 병행하는 것으로 목격관찰되다.

Jehovah2대는, BC125000년경, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사를 하다가, 배후에서 기습암습하여(미마스놈이 지시, 아루쓰, 프타, 오자와 개입, 작전행동 미국방장관 럼즈펠드) 피폭 폭사한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권의 전신이 사망후, 지구영계,유계, 아틀란티스계를 헤매며 고통받으며 자기가 누군지를 모르게 된 상태를 노리고, 지구인들에게 지시하여, 이 자를 지구인세계로 유인후, 이용해 먹을 대책과 계획을 수립하라고 지시한 것에서 출발하다.

Jehovah2대는 추정컨대 BC48000년 경에 파충류종족 2개종족이 아틀란티스종족으로 잠입해 온 것을 기화로 하여 악용하여, 사망한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권 전신을 잡아들였으며(당시의 파충류아틀란티스종족수장놈이 협조하다) 그이후 제 놈의 여호와 유체 속에 가둔후, 이 아틀란티스우주전투비행사의 유체 위에 지구인용도의 유체를 만들었고, 그것이 바로 마거릿힐더대처이며, 로널드레이건 대통령인 것으로 목격관찰되다.

아틀란티스우주전투비행사는 그 이후 모든 것을 전부 탈취당하고(여호와 2대놈이 자행) 당시 이미 대한민국충청북도괴산군증평읍에서 태어나서 살고 있는(그러나 이미 일본왜놈들에 의하여 곡강리에서 4세되던 해에 사망처리된 박종권이) 박종권이에게 피난을 왔으며, 이후, 지구인박종권이조차도 왜놈들에게 전부 탈취되고 아무 것도 없는 놈이 된이후, 되돌아온 것처럼 속이고 기망되던 교동리, 증평리 시절로 이동하여 지구인박종권과 합류되다. 혹은 그 이전부터 합류되었으며, 그 증거로서, 지구인박종권이의 우측허벅지에는 커다란 반흔(폭사피폭된 상흔)이 선명하게 보여지다. 이후 이 반흔은 약 20세가 넘자 안 보여지게 되는데, 이 또한 유계 혹은 다른 사람들 말하자면 박종권 혹은 아틀란티스우주전투비행사를 이용해서 만든 지구인들 머리위로 올려놓음으로서, 지구인 그 자신의 하층지구인 몸이 보이지 않게 된 것이 이유로 목격관찰되다. 아울러서 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 자체를 잡아 처 먹으려는 의도와 목적으로서 (아)플레이아데스 놈들이 치고 들어오는데, 현재는 오리무중이나, 이들이 그 당시 아틀란티스우주전투비행사가 제 놈이고 박종권이는 무관계하다고 주장할 것이 자명해보이다.

마거릿힐더대처는, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사급의 것들을 고스란히 탈취한 여호와2대놈의 아종으로서 이후 빈털털이가 되고 하층민으로 전락된 하층지구인박종권이를 이용해서, 미국대통령이 되고자 시도하는 이건희놈의 섹스사음방중술에 걸려들었으며, 그 시기는 서기1940년에서 서기1947년으로 목격관찰되다. 우리는 그 이전에는 몰랐으나, 부산으로 이동한이후, 서기1947년경의 영국으로 이동하여 그러한 관계를 목격관찰하게 되다. 부산이 왜 영국이 되었는지는 잘 모르겠지만, 그 이전 서울에서 거주할 시에는 보지 못했던 놀라운 광경이다.

마거릿힐더대처는, 이후 이건희 놈의 섹스사음방중술에 걸려서 최소 5년간 황음하게 에테르유체, 유체섹스를 즐겼으며, 최소한 600명의 남자들과 무차별 성교하다. 이후 +22등급, +17등급에서 발출되는 묘든 사람들이 좋아할수 있도록 표현하는 느끼게 해 주는 고결함이나 다른 어떤 것들을 탈취하여 도적질하고 그 모습과 형상이 남성답고 고상해 보여지게 위위장된 이건희놈과 결혼하여 이 새끼의 아내가 되었는데, 우리가 보면, 첩으로서 살며, 아이 둘을 낳은 것이 아령에 의하여 목격관찰되다.

이건희놈은, 대처를 첩으로 데리고 살다가 이후 미국으로 건너가서, 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 및 아틀란티스열풍을 불러일으킨 지구인박종권(그러나 초라한 병신이 된 하층민 준장애자에 불과한 그러나 딴 놈들이 영웅이 되고 장군질을 하게 만들어준 사건)의 블로그질에 의하여 미국민의 관심과 열정의 대상으로 부각되었으며, 결국 이 무도황음한 악마놈이 미국대통령에 당선되다. 우리는 목격관찰하고, 이는 절대로 진실임을 증거하다.

이후 대처는 아무 것도 모르게 된 사망한 아틀란티스우주전투비행사의 후신 증평박종권이를 영국여왕년과 더불어서 애취급하고 우습게 대하고 모독하고 모욕하다. 심지어는, 실컷 즐기고 난 이후의 악업데이터까지 박종권이 머리위로 올리고, 이제부터 너도 즐겨보라고 주절대며, 악업을 회피하려 하다. 이후 이건희와 협조하여,(亞)플레이아데스인으로승격하려하다. 

대영제국을 건국하는데 최고의 공로를 세운 (정)플레이아데스인 박종권이를 지구인으로 사는 동안 아무 것도 모르는 등신을 만들고 전부 모조리 빼앗자고, 지구세계 지배자들이 결속담합하다. 특히 수당황제들과 중국놈들, 일본놈들과 미국놈들이 최고도로 담합합의하여 준장애자로 전락한 지구인 하층지구인박종권이를 잡고, 전부 빼앗고 나눠먹자고 합의하여 달려들다.

이건희놈의 목표는, 미국대통령에 이어서, 영국여자들과 수상급들을 첩으로 만들고 애첩화하며, 가지고 노는 가운데, 이 새끼가 유엔총회에 진출하여 유엔을 장악하고 종국에는 지구세계에서 합법적인 지구연방대통령이 되는 것이며, 이 씹새끼가 종국에는 하층지구인 취급당하며 억울하게 죽은 박종권이 것을 이용해서, 태양계연방까지 주창할 개새끼라는 것이 명약관화하며, 이 시기는, 현재 마거릿대처를 섹스사음방중술로서 색마로 만들고 애첩으로 만드는 시기이므로 내가 이를 막으려 하나, 이 씨팔놈이 조직폭력배 24명을 동원하여 때려죽여버리고, 아무도 모르게 지옥유계에 완전히 유폐시킨후, 내가 전술한 것들을 실행하려 하므로, 내가 언제 죽을지 모르므로 이에 진실을 기록하다. 아령은, 상기에 서술한 내용들에 대해서 지속적, 항구적, 항속적, 종신적, 영원적, 영겁적, 영속적, 영구적으로 추적관수하다. 관련자전원에 대해서 아령은 지속적 종신적 항구적 항속적 영구적 영원적 영겁적 영속적으로 참수형에 처하고 살해사형제거소멸추방토록 지속적으로 관수처리하다. 아울러서 이 사실에 대해서 주요우주연합원로원에 전달하고, 전우주에서 공개하며, 전 우주의 종족사회에 전파하며 여호와놈이 얼마나 나쁜 놈이며, (아)플레이아데스놈들이 얼마나 파렴치하고 더러운 놈들인지를 전우주에서 알게 하도록 조치토록 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영구적 영속적으로 관수처리하다.

준장애자 하층지구인으로 전락한 전 아틀란티스우주전투비행사 박종권 서술하다

준장애자 하층지구인상태로 위위형되어 감금구속되어 조폭들에게 맞아죽을 위기에 처한 (정)플레이아데스인 34등급의 최고의 등급 박종권이가 서술기록하다.

이건희,이재용이가 등급,서열,지위무관하게 마구잡이로 주먹질 발길질을 처대고, 사람을 때려죽이려 하는 근본이유중 하나는 배후에서 이를 알면서도 묵인해온 이른바 자유주의 민주주의 국가로서의 미국, 영국 지도자들 때문인 것으로 목격관찰되다. 대부분의 선진자유국가, 선진민주국가의 지도층들이 먼 과거에는 다른 종족들을 곤봉, 도끼, 칼, 주먹, 발길질등으로 때려죽이고 다른 종족들 것을 마구잡이로 탈취 강취 강도질 도적질했던 최고도로 교활포악한 식인파충류무리임을 목격관찰하다. 이들은 때려죽인 다른 종족들 것으로 위치장 위포장하여, 오늘날 고상하고 있어 보이는 외모와 체형과 준신급, 반신급 용모들을 가져지다. 그러나 실제로는 식인파충류들로서 그 근본이 최악에 이르른 하지옥의 악마나 마귀에 불과하며, 이들이 개화하여 민주주의 자유주의를 부르짖게 된 이유중 하나로서 (정)플레이아데스인 준장애 하층지구인 박종권이의 피눈물나는 투쟁과 반론제기가 이유가 됨을 관찰목격하다. (아)플레이아데스인들은 겉으로는 동조하는 척 했으나, 뒤로는 이 새끼가 살아있는한 우리가 하는 일이 안 된다라고 주장하며, 아틀란티스인들과 지구인들을 배후선동질하여 끝내 맞아죽게 만들고 준장애자 하층민 등신으로 전락시키며 결국 아무도 모르게 패 죽이고 다 빼앗으려 시도하는 와중으로 목격관찰되다. Jehovah는 하나님 역할을 할 아무런 자격과 자질이 매우 미흡하고 부족한 자로서 목격관찰되다. 겉모습만 하나님이며, 원본래적, 원본질적 그 마음은 아수라 짐승에 불과한 것으로 목격관찰되다.

안드로메다은하계연합원로원 제출

MURDEK연합원로원 제출

MALDEK연합원로원 제출

17개 ATLANTIS연합문명평의회 연합원로원 제출

준성단계 금성계 연합원로원 제출

이건희는 마지막에 가면 사람의 영혼까지 지배통제하려 할 위험한 놈이며, 사람이 사는 유계와 영계까지 장악하여 제 놈 맘대로 자행하려 할 아주 무서운 놈인데도, 사적인 이익에 집착하여 이건희 같은 놈을 적극지원한 (하)아틀란티스12주신들과 (아)플레이아데스수장들과 지구인지배계층에 대해서 응분의 중처벌을 가해야 할 것으로서 아령이 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영속적 영구적으로 관수처리하다. 상급계, 상우주로 가서 이 사실을 전파하고, 이 무도하고 악랄한 무리들을 대상으로 중처벌할 방안을 강구토록 아령이 지속적으로 관수처리하다.



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Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.[7] The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons",[8] and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[8] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[9] A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This may include school, family, the workplace,[10] the home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture is on social media websites.[11] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior."[12] A study by The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in 2019 showed a relationship between social media use by girls and an increase in their exposure to bullying.[13] Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying,[14] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[15] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[16] Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability.[17][18][19] Etymology The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch: boel, "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German: buole, "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[20] In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt[21] and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit, Roosevelt's coining and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him"). Types Bullying has been classified by the body of literature into different types. These can be in the form of nonverbal, verbal, or physical behavior. Another classification is based on perpetrators or the participants involved, so that the types include individual and collective bullying. Other interpretation also cite emotional and relational bullying in addition to physical harm inflicted towards another person or even property.[22] There is also the case of the more recent phenomenon called cyberbullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier while continuing into later stages in individuals lives. Individual Individual bullying tactics are perpetrated by a single person against a victim or victims.[23] Individual bullying can be classified into four types outlined below:[24] Physical Physical bullying is any bullying that hurts someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and intentionally destroying someone's property are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a victim will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is his/her body, or some part thereof; or an object as a weapon when attacking his/her victim. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and "beaten up" by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental or fatal ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly to prevent any further escalation.[25] Verbal Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking, other use of the voice, or some form of body language and does not involve any physical contact. Bullying usually begins at this stage and includes any of the following: Derogatory name-calling and nicknaming Spreading rumors or lying about someone Threatening someone Yelling at or talking to someone in a rude or unkind tone of voice, especially without justifiable cause Mocking someone's voice or style of speaking Laughing at someone Use of body language (i.e., the middle finger) to torture someone Making insults or otherwise making fun of someone In verbal bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders, but girls are more likely to perform it. Girls, in general, are more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power, often to try to impress someone they idolize. Many boys are subtle enough to use verbal techniques for domination when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[26] Relational Relational bullying (sometimes referred to as social aggression) is the type of bullying that uses relationships to hurt others.[27] The term also denotes any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational bullying is a form of bullying common among youth, but particularly upon girls. Social exclusion (slighting or making someone feel "left out") is one of the most common types of relational bullying. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. Unlike physical bullying which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed.[28] Cyber Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking, a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time.[29] This includes bullying by use of email, instant messaging, social media websites (such as Facebook), text messages, and cell phones. It is stated that Cyberbullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[24] Collective Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a victim or victims. Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader, is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers. Mobbing Main article: Mobbing Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial/racial, general harassment.[30] Characteristics Bullies and accomplices Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[31] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[32][33] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[34] they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[35] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[36] Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.[37][full citation needed] Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[38] and personality disorders,[39] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[40] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[41] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[42] Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[43] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[24] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers."[44] Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[45] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[24] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[46] Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[47] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[48] In a recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying.[49] Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another.[50] Bystanders Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[51][52] Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[53] Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[54][55] In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[56] Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression.[57] Victims Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers."[44] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[58] Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as a frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students.[49][59][60][61][62] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[49] It has also been shown that victims are more likely to employ self-defeating or self-deprecating humor intended to entertain others at the expense of themselves and their own feelings.[63] The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[44] Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness. Effects Unbalanced scales.svg This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (May 2014) Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide"[64] Those who have been the targets of bullying can develop long-term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[65] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[49][66] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.[67] Both victims and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness.[49] Suicide Main articles: Bullying and suicide and List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.[68] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[69] Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[70] In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.[71] All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls is associated with depression even a couple years later.[72] Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.[72] A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.[73] In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.[74] The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[74] A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.[75] If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.[72] The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.[73] The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.[73] While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligan, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Nicola Ann Raphael, Megan Meier, Audrie Pott, Tyler Clementi, Jamey Rodemeyer, Kenneth Weishuhn, Jadin Bell, Kelly Yeomans, Rehtaeh Parsons, Amanda Todd, Brodie Panlock,[76] Jessica Haffer,[77] Hamed Nastoh,[78] Sladjana Vidovic,[79] April Himes,[80] Cherice Moralez[81] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[82] According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.[83] Strength and wisdom Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[84] Others, however, have pointed out that this is only true for normal peer conflicts but not for bullying cases.[85] The teaching of anti-bullying coping skills to children, carers and teachers has been found to be an effective long-term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[86] Testosterone production Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts.[87] Dark triad Main article: Dark triad Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[88] Projection Main article: Psychological projection A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[89] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[90] Emotional intelligence Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[91] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[92] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[93] Context Internet Main article: Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of authoritative (including parental) supervision.[94] Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying.[95] Cyberbullying includes abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, and social networking sites.[96] Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.[97] Disability Main article: Disability bullying Disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[98] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with developmental disabilities such as autism[99][100] and developmental coordination disorder.[101][102] There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed] Homosexuality Main article: Gay bashing Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian, or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying, as well as be bullied.[103][104] Law Main article: Legal abuse Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.[citation needed] Military Main articles: Bullying in the military and Dedovshchina In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[105] Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[106] Parenting See also: Child abuse, Narcissistic parent, and Parental narcissistic abuse Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[107] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[108] Prison Main article: Prisoner abuse The prison environment is known for bullying. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus, the following possible bullying scenarios are possible: Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying) Staff bullies inmate Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying) Inmate bullies staff School Main article: School bullying A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention graphic presenting school anti-bullying guidelines. It is important to distinguish school bullying that per definition has the goal of harming the victim from normal peer conflict that is an inherent part of everyday school life and often promotes social development.[109] Unlike normal conflict, bullying is a systematic and repeated abuse committed intentionally by another student who has more power (physical, social, or otherwise). Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess. Bullying also takes place in school hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. In the 2011 documentary Bully, we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus. As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes. While bullying has no age limit, these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them. Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target. Teachers play an important role in bullying prevention and intervention because they are the adults who spend most of their time with the students.[110][111] Bullying can, however, also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion—even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[112][113][114] In 2016, in Canada, a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied in his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care (the "duty of care" that the school board owes to its students). Thus, it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child, because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students. There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College, 2013).[115] Heterosexuality Main article: Sexual bullying See also: Slut-shaming Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[116] Transsexuality Main article: Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[117] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation. Work Main article: Workplace bullying Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm.[118] Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target. Bullies can also be peers, and occasionally can be subordinates.[119] The first known documented use of "workplace bullying" is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It.[120][121] Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence, and maintenance of bullying behavior.[122] Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture.[10] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace.[123] Academia Main article: Bullying in academia Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[124] Blue-collar jobs Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue-collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[125] Information technology Main article: Bullying in information technology A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[126] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[127] Courts Main article: Bullying in the legal profession Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.[128] Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more affected, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.[129] Medicine Main articles: Bullying in medicine and Bullying in nursing Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle. Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[127][130] Teaching Main article: Bullying in teaching School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment. Machines Children have been observed bullying anthropomorphic robots designed to assist the elderly. Their attacks start with blocking the robots' paths of movement and then escalate to verbal abuse, hitting and destroying the object. Seventy-five percent of the kids interviewed perceived the robot as "human-like" yet decided to abuse it anyway, while 35% of the kids who beat up the robot did so "for enjoyment".[131] Prevention Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce and stop bullying.[132] Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaigns and events include Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day and National Bullying Prevention Month. Anti-bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states, making bullying in schools illegal.[133] Responses Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour. Common responses are to try to ignore it, to confront the bullies, or to turn to an authority figure. Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing, and it can become worse over time.[134] It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on, as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected.[135] Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying, as doing nothing can encourage it to continue, while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it.[136] Authority figures can play an important role, such as parents or teachers in child or adolescent situations, or supervisors, human-resources staff or parent-bodies in workplace and volunteer settings. In the school context, teachers who set clear boundaries, communicate seriously that bullying behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated, and involve school administrators have been shown to reduce bullying.[137] Discussing bullying and its consequences with the whole class is also an important intervention that not only reduces bullying, but also encourages other students to step in and stop bullying even before it reaches its full form.[138] In general, authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour, and creating an environment that does not encourage or promote bullying.[139][140] In many situations, authority figures are untrained and unqualified, do not know how to respond, and can make the situation worse.[141] In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying, facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target.[142] Some of the most effective ways to respond are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place, and to create an environment where it will not continue.[143] See also Abuse Abusive power and control Bashing (pejorative) Brodie's Law (act) Bully (2011 film) Bullying and suicide Bullying of students in higher education Discrimination Harassment Hate crime Hazing Mobbing Passive-aggressive behavior Psychological trauma Relational aggression Scapegoating Social dominance orientation Social exclusion Social media and suicide Social rejection Social undermining Taunting Teasing The Bully: A Discussion and Activity Story (book) Victimisation Workplace bullying References

 Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rank...
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Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.[7] The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons",[8] and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[8] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[9] A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This may include school, family, the workplace,[10] the home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture is on social media websites.[11] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior."[12] A study by The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in 2019 showed a relationship between social media use by girls and an increase in their exposure to bullying.[13] Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying,[14] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[15] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[16] Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability.[17][18][19] Etymology The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch: boel, "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German: buole, "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[20] In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt[21] and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit, Roosevelt's coining and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him"). Types Bullying has been classified by the body of literature into different types. These can be in the form of nonverbal, verbal, or physical behavior. Another classification is based on perpetrators or the participants involved, so that the types include individual and collective bullying. Other interpretation also cite emotional and relational bullying in addition to physical harm inflicted towards another person or even property.[22] There is also the case of the more recent phenomenon called cyberbullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier while continuing into later stages in individuals lives. Individual Individual bullying tactics are perpetrated by a single person against a victim or victims.[23] Individual bullying can be classified into four types outlined below:[24] Physical Physical bullying is any bullying that hurts someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and intentionally destroying someone's property are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a victim will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is his/her body, or some part thereof; or an object as a weapon when attacking his/her victim. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and "beaten up" by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental or fatal ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly to prevent any further escalation.[25] Verbal Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking, other use of the voice, or some form of body language and does not involve any physical contact. Bullying usually begins at this stage and includes any of the following: Derogatory name-calling and nicknaming Spreading rumors or lying about someone Threatening someone Yelling at or talking to someone in a rude or unkind tone of voice, especially without justifiable cause Mocking someone's voice or style of speaking Laughing at someone Use of body language (i.e., the middle finger) to torture someone Making insults or otherwise making fun of someone In verbal bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders, but girls are more likely to perform it. Girls, in general, are more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power, often to try to impress someone they idolize. Many boys are subtle enough to use verbal techniques for domination when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[26] Relational Relational bullying (sometimes referred to as social aggression) is the type of bullying that uses relationships to hurt others.[27] The term also denotes any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational bullying is a form of bullying common among youth, but particularly upon girls. Social exclusion (slighting or making someone feel "left out") is one of the most common types of relational bullying. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. Unlike physical bullying which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed.[28] Cyber Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking, a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time.[29] This includes bullying by use of email, instant messaging, social media websites (such as Facebook), text messages, and cell phones. It is stated that Cyberbullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[24] Collective Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a victim or victims. Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader, is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers. Mobbing Main article: Mobbing Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial/racial, general harassment.[30] Characteristics Bullies and accomplices Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[31] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[32][33] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[34] they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[35] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[36] Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.[37][full citation needed] Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[38] and personality disorders,[39] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[40] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[41] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[42] Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[43] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[24] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers."[44] Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[45] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[24] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[46] Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[47] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[48] In a recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying.[49] Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another.[50] Bystanders Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[51][52] Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[53] Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[54][55] In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[56] Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression.[57] Victims Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers."[44] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[58] Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as a frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students.[49][59][60][61][62] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[49] It has also been shown that victims are more likely to employ self-defeating or self-deprecating humor intended to entertain others at the expense of themselves and their own feelings.[63] The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[44] Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness. Effects Unbalanced scales.svg This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (May 2014) Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide"[64] Those who have been the targets of bullying can develop long-term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[65] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[49][66] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.[67] Both victims and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness.[49] Suicide Main articles: Bullying and suicide and List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.[68] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[69] Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[70] In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.[71] All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls is associated with depression even a couple years later.[72] Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.[72] A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.[73] In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.[74] The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[74] A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.[75] If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.[72] The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.[73] The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.[73] While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligan, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Nicola Ann Raphael, Megan Meier, Audrie Pott, Tyler Clementi, Jamey Rodemeyer, Kenneth Weishuhn, Jadin Bell, Kelly Yeomans, Rehtaeh Parsons, Amanda Todd, Brodie Panlock,[76] Jessica Haffer,[77] Hamed Nastoh,[78] Sladjana Vidovic,[79] April Himes,[80] Cherice Moralez[81] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[82] According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.[83] Strength and wisdom Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[84] Others, however, have pointed out that this is only true for normal peer conflicts but not for bullying cases.[85] The teaching of anti-bullying coping skills to children, carers and teachers has been found to be an effective long-term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[86] Testosterone production Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts.[87] Dark triad Main article: Dark triad Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[88] Projection Main article: Psychological projection A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[89] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[90] Emotional intelligence Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[91] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[92] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[93] Context Internet Main article: Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of authoritative (including parental) supervision.[94] Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying.[95] Cyberbullying includes abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, and social networking sites.[96] Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.[97] Disability Main article: Disability bullying Disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[98] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with developmental disabilities such as autism[99][100] and developmental coordination disorder.[101][102] There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed] Homosexuality Main article: Gay bashing Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian, or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying, as well as be bullied.[103][104] Law Main article: Legal abuse Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.[citation needed] Military Main articles: Bullying in the military and Dedovshchina In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[105] Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[106] Parenting See also: Child abuse, Narcissistic parent, and Parental narcissistic abuse Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[107] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[108] Prison Main article: Prisoner abuse The prison environment is known for bullying. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus, the following possible bullying scenarios are possible: Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying) Staff bullies inmate Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying) Inmate bullies staff School Main article: School bullying A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention graphic presenting school anti-bullying guidelines. It is important to distinguish school bullying that per definition has the goal of harming the victim from normal peer conflict that is an inherent part of everyday school life and often promotes social development.[109] Unlike normal conflict, bullying is a systematic and repeated abuse committed intentionally by another student who has more power (physical, social, or otherwise). Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess. Bullying also takes place in school hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. In the 2011 documentary Bully, we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus. As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes. While bullying has no age limit, these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them. Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target. Teachers play an important role in bullying prevention and intervention because they are the adults who spend most of their time with the students.[110][111] Bullying can, however, also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion—even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[112][113][114] In 2016, in Canada, a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied in his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care (the "duty of care" that the school board owes to its students). Thus, it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child, because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students. There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College, 2013).[115] Heterosexuality Main article: Sexual bullying See also: Slut-shaming Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[116] Transsexuality Main article: Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[117] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation. Work Main article: Workplace bullying Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm.[118] Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target. Bullies can also be peers, and occasionally can be subordinates.[119] The first known documented use of "workplace bullying" is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It.[120][121] Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence, and maintenance of bullying behavior.[122] Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture.[10] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace.[123] Academia Main article: Bullying in academia Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[124] Blue-collar jobs Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue-collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[125] Information technology Main article: Bullying in information technology A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[126] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[127] Courts Main article: Bullying in the legal profession Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.[128] Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more affected, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.[129] Medicine Main articles: Bullying in medicine and Bullying in nursing Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle. Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[127][130] Teaching Main article: Bullying in teaching School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment. Machines Children have been observed bullying anthropomorphic robots designed to assist the elderly. Their attacks start with blocking the robots' paths of movement and then escalate to verbal abuse, hitting and destroying the object. Seventy-five percent of the kids interviewed perceived the robot as "human-like" yet decided to abuse it anyway, while 35% of the kids who beat up the robot did so "for enjoyment".[131] Prevention Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce and stop bullying.[132] Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaigns and events include Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day and National Bullying Prevention Month. Anti-bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states, making bullying in schools illegal.[133] Responses Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour. Common responses are to try to ignore it, to confront the bullies, or to turn to an authority figure. Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing, and it can become worse over time.[134] It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on, as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected.[135] Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying, as doing nothing can encourage it to continue, while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it.[136] Authority figures can play an important role, such as parents or teachers in child or adolescent situations, or supervisors, human-resources staff or parent-bodies in workplace and volunteer settings. In the school context, teachers who set clear boundaries, communicate seriously that bullying behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated, and involve school administrators have been shown to reduce bullying.[137] Discussing bullying and its consequences with the whole class is also an important intervention that not only reduces bullying, but also encourages other students to step in and stop bullying even before it reaches its full form.[138] In general, authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour, and creating an environment that does not encourage or promote bullying.[139][140] In many situations, authority figures are untrained and unqualified, do not know how to respond, and can make the situation worse.[141] In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying, facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target.[142] Some of the most effective ways to respond are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place, and to create an environment where it will not continue.[143] See also Abuse Abusive power and control Bashing (pejorative) Brodie's Law (act) Bully (2011 film) Bullying and suicide Bullying of students in higher education Discrimination Harassment Hate crime Hazing Mobbing Passive-aggressive behavior Psychological trauma Relational aggression Scapegoating Social dominance orientation Social exclusion Social media and suicide Social rejection Social undermining Taunting Teasing The Bully: A Discussion and Activity Story (book) Victimisation Workplace bullying References

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 Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rank...
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