https://draft.blogger.com/blog/posts/91498354712683228?hl=ko&tab=jj https://www.google.com/maps/ https://www.youtube.com/ https://www.google.com/ https://www.daum.net/ Currency South Korean won (KRW, ₩) Fiscal year 1 January – 31 December Trade organizations APEC, WTO, RCEP, OECD, G-20 Country group Developed/Advanced[1] High-income economy[2] Statistics Population Increase 51,309,705 (2021 est.)[3] GDP Increase $1.73 trillion (nominal; 2022)[4] Increase $2.76 trillion (PPP; 2022)[4] GDP rank 13th (nominal, 2022) 14th (PPP, 2022) GDP growth Increase 4.1% (2021)[5] Increase 2.6% (2022f)[5] Increase 2.0% (2023f)[5] GDP per capita Increase $33,591 (nominal; 2022)[4] Increase $53,574 (PPP; 2022)[4] GDP per capita rank 30th (nominal, 2022) 28th (PPP, 2022) GDP by sector agriculture: 2.2% industry: 39.3% services: 58.3% (2017 est.)[3] Inflation (CPI) 0.5% (2020)[6] Population below poverty line 14.4% (2016 est.)[3] Gini coefficient Steady 35.5 medium (2017)[7] Human Development Index Increase 0.925 very high (2021)[8] (19th) Increase 0.838 very high (2021) (21st)[9] Labor force Increase 28,466,640 (2020, ILO)[10] Increase 65.8% employment rate (2020)[6] Labor force by occupation agriculture: 4.8% industry: 24.6% services: 70.6% (2017 est.)[3] Unemployment Negative increase 3.7% (September 2020)[11] Negative increase 11.5% youth unemployment (15 to 24-year-olds, September 2020)[12] Main industries Electronicstelecommunicationsautomobile productionchemicalsshipbuildingsteel Ease-of-doing-business rank Steady 5th (very easy, 2020)[13] External Exports Increase $644.54 billion (2021)[14] Export goods Integrated Circuits 15.35% Machinery 12.81% Vehicles and their parts 11.34% Mineral Fuels 7.01% Plastics 5.86% Iron and Steel 4.23% Instruments and Apparatus 4.16% Organic Chemicals 3.85% Others 35.39% (2019)[15] Main export partners China(-) 25.87% ASEAN(+) 17.37% United States(+) 14.46% European Union(+) 9.34% Hong Kong(-) 5.98% Japan(+) 4.90% Taiwan(+) 3.21% Russia(-) 1.35% Others 17.52%[16] Imports Increase $615.1 billion (2021)[14] Import goods Mineral Fuels 25.01% Machinery 9.17% Integrated Circuits 7.08% Instruments and Apparatus 4.88% Vehicles and their parts 3.23% Ores, Slags and Ash 3.13% Iron and Steel 3.02% Organic Chemicals 2.62% Others 41.86% (2019)[15] Main import partners China(+) 23.28% United States(-) 12.29% European Union(-) 11.87% ASEAN(-) 11.72% Japan(-) 9.84% Australia(-) 4.00% Taiwan(+) 3.81% Saudi Arabia(-) 3.42% Others 19.77%[16] FDI stock Increase $230.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3] Decrease Abroad: $344.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3] Current account Decrease $68 billion (2020)[6] Gross external debt Negative increase $542.4 billion (2020)[17] SOUTH-KOREA의 1960년도 국민소득GNP는 약 50US$이었다. 우리가 기억하기로는, 먹는 물, 샘물을 페트병에 넣어서 팔기 시작한 시기는 약 서기1990년경이다. 아마도 서기1988년 서울올림픽전후로 해서, 먹는 샘물들이 페트병에 담겨서 팔리기 시작하고, 각종 음료수, 주류들도 페트병에 담겨서 큰 용량으로 판매되기 시작한다. 시기는 대략 1990년초반이거나 1980년 말경(1988년 올림픽전후)이다. 그리고 우리가 최초로 미국출장을 간 것은 서기1991경인 듯 싶다. 그 이전은 모르겠고(해외교포나 외교부 공무원들, 근무자들, 해외주재원들은 잘 알겠지만) 가보니까 먹는 샘물도 선진국에서는 오래전부터 페트병에 담아서 팔고 있었던 듯 싶다. 그리고 제품의 종류나 가짓수가 한국내 제품들의 종류나 가짓수에 비교할바가 아닐정도로 다종다양하고 겉모습, 외관만 봐도 풍요와 넉넉함의 표현이었다. 특히 맥주의 종류와 가짓수는 상상을 초월한다. 한국은, 당시 오비맥주, 크라운맥주 정도인데, 미국은 어마어마하다. 일단 겉보기나 속내용이나 과거 경제개발시기에 비하여 크게 변화됨을 보여준 시기는 88년도 올림픽이다. 노태우 대통령이 제한을 푸는데, 올림픽이 계기로서, 이 당시 흑백 텔리비젼이 컬러 텔리비젼으로 전격 변경된다. 이후 선진국형 소비제품들이 도입되기 시작한다. 이후 고급 럭셔리 고층 아파트들이 본격 선보이기 시작한다. 그게 시작점은 1990년이다. 그러기 전을 보게 되면, 대부분 먹는 물은 우물물 파서 먹고, 샘물떠다 마시고, 콜라나 사이다 음료수 종류는, 간혹 목마르면 한병 사다가 먹는 정도이며, 아이스크림은 그저 간혹 한두개씩 사먹고 그랬다. 냉장고가 본격도입된 것도 올림픽전후로서, 물론 그 이전부터 도입은 되었지만, 일반대중에게 공용화한 시기는 올림픽을 전후헤서다. 그 이전은 찬장이 고작이고, 음식이라고 해 봐야, 날짜 지나면 금방 부패하고 김치는 금방 시어지고 그랬다. 개구리 올챙이 시절모른다고 현재시점에서 보면 도대체 언제 그랬냐 싶은 마음이 들거다 그게 바로 올림픽 바로 직전까지다. 즉, 박정희 경제개발이 종결되고 전두환 정권이 시작된 그 시점에서도 여전히 그게 안 되었지만, 올림픽이 그렇게 되도록 만들어준 것이다 우리가 잘 살게 된 것(?)은 고작 30년 정도로서(정식 시간대에서는 고작 17년 정도 경과되다) 그 이전을 보면, 우리가 어린시절 국민학교 다니고 중학교 다니고 그럴때나 그 이후나 그다지 변화되지 않았다는 점을 주목해야 한다. 다만, 88 올림픽이 그렇게 만들어주는데, 도대체 왜 그럴까? 그 이전은 돈이 없었고, 그 이후에 갑자기 벼락부자가 된 것일까? 아니다 돈은 그대로인데, 마음만 바꾼 것이다. 그 마음이 올림픽을 통해서 풀어짐으로서 그로서 매출을 일으키고 이익을 증대시키고(세계인들의 마음주목을 받다) 사람들의 옹골차고 인색한 편협스런 마음들을 풀어준 것이다. 미국이 늘 잘사는 나라였을까? 아니다 미국도 어려움을 많이 겪는다. 특히 대공황기의 미국은 거지떼가 넘쳐난다. 긴급구호소에는 식량베급을 받으려고 줄 서는 사람들, 일자리를 찾아서 여기 저기 떠도는 사람들이 홍수를 이룬다. 어려움에 처한 미국경제를 회생시킨 주역은 제1,2차세계대전이다. 그리고 이어서, 미국이 단행한 가난한 나라들과 파괴된 나라들에 대한 지원정책들이다. 미국은 다 알다시피, 제2차세계대전으로 잿더미가 된 유럽경제를 부흥시키기 위한 마샬계획을 입안하여 유럽을 전폭적으로 지원한다. 게다가 한국, 일본등 전후 잿더미가 되거나, 6.25전쟁등으로 파괴된 가난한 나라에 대해서 많은 지원을 아끼지 않는다. 제2차세계대전 종전이후의 미국은, 그야말로 달러화에 기재된 IN GOD WE TRUST를 모범적으로 실천한 나라였다. 그러한 점들이 오늘날 미국의 부흥과 번영의 밑받침이 된 것이다. 물론, 그 시대적 상황과 여건에 따라서 사는 것이 맞다. 우리가 기억하기로는, 우리가 살던 증평시대는, 국민소득이 고작50달러정도에 불과했고, 이후로도 계속 100달러, 200달러, 500달러대에 머문다. 70년대는 고작 500불 수준에서 1000불 수준까지 안간힘을 써서 도약하던 시기다. 그 수준의 세상에서는 그 수준에 맞게 사는 것이 맞다. 냉장고도 없었고 텔리비젼도 없었다. 입을 옷이 단 한벌뿐이었던 적도 있었는데, 츄리닝 한벌이다. 말 그대로 북조선인민들 헐벗고 굶주린다고 선전되던 북조선 인민수준보다 더 못하게 살았다. 먹는 물을 사서 먹어? 어림반푼도 없는 소리? 상상도 안 되는 주장? 우리가 자꾸 이런 말을 반복하는 것은 하도 어이가 없어서 그렇다. 특히 파렴치한 짐승 이건희와 이재용이다. 현대를 사는 박종권이는, 국민소득이 현재기준 약 27000달러로 정부발표가 되어 있는 시대에서 살고 있다. 그런데, 그 시대에서도 가장 하전민이다. 가장 가난한 놈이다. 그런데 이건희 놈과 이재용이 놈이 발을 바꾸고, 유체를 이동시키는 수법으로서, 제 놈들이 만든 지옥유계맵, 서재맵들에 가두고, 아주 못 먹고 못 살던 과거 시대로 위치이동시킨후, 터무니없는 시비를 걸고, 마치 제 놈들은 근검절약하고 국가와 민족 사람들을 위해서 뭐 희생하고 먹어도 되는데, 안 먹고, 절약하고 모범을 보이는 놈들인 척 하려는 의도(권세, 헤게모니 장악, 인민에 대한 통치지배권장악이 목적)로서 국민소득 27000불 시대를 사는 놈을 국민소득 50불 시대로 보내놓고, 그 시대 사람처럼 살라고 강압하고 협박공갈을 쳐대는 악랄한 만행을 자행하기 시작한 것이 이유다. 이거 말도 안 되는 개새끼들이다. 이건희놈은, 지금 내게 16억8천만원을 줘야 한다. 그 자신이 원본래적자기자신적원본원적원본인으로서 그렇게 하겠다고 공언하고 약속했기 때문이다. 그러나 이 짐승아수라놈은, 그렇게 할 의도가 전혀 없다. 그래서 아예 못 먹고 못 살던 시대로 귀양을 보내놓고, 사사건건 시시비비하고, 개인의 소비생활까지 건건이 시비를 걸고 넘어지는 수법을 전개하기 시작한다. 좀 전에 우리가 4000원짜리 와인 한병을 편의점에서 사서 고시원으로 가져와서 먹는데, 히로히토 일황과 이건희, 이재용이가 번갈아 나타나면서, 꼬치 꼬치 시비를 걸고 뭐 비싼 것을 사다 먹는다느니, 어쩌느니 하면서 어처구니 없는 지랄을 쳐대기 시작하는데, 우리가 지나간 세월 17년을 갇혀 지옥같은 세상으로 끌려와서 살았지만, 세상에 이런 시비를 거는 어처구니 없는 놈들은 처음본다. 왜 그런가를 보면, 약속한 돈을 줄 의도가 없는 것이다. 역공이다. 아예 네가 약속했던 돈을 왜 안주느냐 하고 시비조차 걸수 없게 만들려고 고약한 잔꾀를 부리는 것이다. 그런 돈을 주겠다고 말한적이 있느냐 없느냐는 아예 거론치도 않고, 국민소득 50불시대를 표면화시키면서 이 놈 저 놈 보내서 어처구니 없는 개소리를 늘어붓고, 시비를 거는 수법이다. 이재용놈이 미친놈처럼 지랄댄다. 이 새끼하고 와인(4000원짜리)을 나눠먹는 놈은 죽여버린다고 지랄을 친다. 이거 미친새끼다. 가만 보니까, 요 새끼들이 일본천황 히로히토 시대의 부산에 와서, 6.25전쟁발발시기에 일본천황과 일본수뇌부에게 잘 보이려고 지랄을 쳐 대고 있을 때다. 물론 그 시기는 이미 지나갔다. 하지만 요 새끼들이 같은 짓을 두번 반복하려고 다시 이 시기로 온 것이다. 즉, 처음시기는 이미 끝났지만, 또 다시 두번째 해 처 먹으려고 같은 짓을 반복하기 시작한 것이다. 그러는 가운데, 박종권이를 가운데 세워놓고, 이용해 처 먹으려 하는데, 박종권이가 그 시대적 상황에 맞게 근검절약하고 안 먹고 굶고 그래야 하는데, 요 새끼가 시건방을 떤다고 시비를 거는거다. 어처구니가 없는 개새끼들이다. 실제로는 국민소득이 2만불이 넘는 시대에 사는 사람인데 이것을 무시하고, 파충류종, 선비족의 힘을 악용해서 사람을 잡아다놓고 무력, 폭행, 협박, 공갈질로서 제압하고 굴종시키려고 개지랄을 쳐대는 놈들이다. 그래야 박종권이를 거쳐서 일본천황 히로히토의 환심을 사고, 6.25전쟁을 통해서 이익을 얻을수 있을 것이기에 그러하다. 매질까지 해야 한다는 어처구니 없는 개소리를 일삼는 지경이다. 이재용이 놈이다. 이 씨발놈이 미쳐서 환장했다. 준다고 약속한 돈 16억8천만원을 아예 줄 생각조차 없고, 그간 해 처먹은 이익들도 제 놈들이 잘해서 그런 것이라는 식으로 거짓주장하고, 두번째 시기를 만들어 두번 해먹으려고 이 짓을 자행하는 놈이다. 약속을 지키는 것은 고사하고, 아예 이를 무시묵살하는 것을 초월해서, 그 시대의 국가상황과 여건까지도 묵살 무시하려 들고, 어처구니 없이 과거 못 먹고 못 살던 시대의 것을 강요까지 하려는 미친놈들이 이건희, 이재용이 놈이다. 아령은, 약속을 어기고, 사회적공언을 무시묵살하며, 현재시대의 국가사회적경제적정치적상황과 여건을 무시묵살하며, 어처구니없게도 과거 못 먹고 못 살던 시대를 강요하고 이를 협박공갈하며 위박침박겁박협박폭력폭행위협까지 자행하는 이건희, 이재용, 히로히토 일본천황등 그렇게 하는 자들에 대해서 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영구적 영속적으로 무조건 참수형에 처하고 무조건 살해사형제거소멸시키며 무조건 추방제거토록 지속적으로 관수처리하다. ANDROMEDA GALAXY연합원로원 MURDEK연합원로원 MALDEK연합원로원 우리가 느끼기로는, 예전 증평에서 살던 시기나, 봉천동에서 살던 시기에는, 이렇다 저렇다가 없었다는 점이다. 증평은 내가 기억하는 바로는, 그런대로 괜찮았다. 그리고 비록 봉천동에서 어렵게 살기는 했으나, 그렇다고 해서 그렇게 불편하지도 않았는데, 그게 그렇다. 그게 그 시대적 상황인데, 내가 보는 바로는, 우리 집이 어렵게 살고 그 시대상황에 비춰봐도 하층민으로서 사는 정도인데도, 그렇게까지는 불편하다거나 구차하다는 느낌이 없었는데, 다만 아버지였던 박원규씨의 그 옹고집스런 (아)플레이아데스 4대성품측면이 문제였지, 무슨 돈이 없고 가난하고 그런 건 별 문제가 없었고, 차라리 그 시대가 더 나았다고 본다는 점이다. 그 시기 우리는 돈이 있고 없고 그런건 관심도 없고, 그다지 현실적이지도 않았다. 다만 우리는 헐리우드 영화를 흑백TV로 보고, 도서관 가서 그리스로마신화를 읽고 그러면서 혼자 공상하고 상상하고 살고 그랬지 돈이 없고 뭐 가난하고 보리밥 먹고 남들처럼 좋은 옷 입고 살지 못하고 그래서 그랬던 적은 전혀 없었고, 다만, 그 시대적 상황에서 보면, 오히려 그 시대나 더 꿈이 있고 낭만이 있는데, 다만 박원규씨의 그 이상한 성품과 지나치게 가난궁핍하게 몰고가는 박원규적 품성이 문제일 뿐이었다는 점인데, 이게 이건희도 비슷하다. 이 사람 성품도 보면, 박원규 성품과 유사하다. 말하자면 시대적 상황과 조건이 그래서 그러기는 하지만, 그래도 사람이 막걸리 한잔 먹고 나름대로 여유도 가지고 좀 느긋하게 관조하면서 가기도 하고 그래야 하는데, 난리를 쳐대는 그 성품이다. 그게 이건희놈도 똑같다. 그래서 우리가 이건희를 보고 용팔이라고 부르는 이유다. 말하자면, 히로히토천황이든, 이건희든, 이재용이든, 이상한 반사회적인격장애성품들이라는 점이다. 우측右側therightsideone'sright목사람·동물등neck특히목의앞부분throatthroat목구멍목소리voicecervix 아틀란티스-지구인박종권 기여공헌도 ------------------------------------------------ (주식회사)인켈 정보기기사업부 터미널용 모니터 회로설계 - 아틀란티스레벨영역에서 지원, 총9조원의 이익에 기여공헌 (4년 투자후 터미널회로설계완료, 인켈 터미널 적용된 것으로 목격관찰) (주식회사)인켈 북미서부사업진출 기타기여공헌 : (공식적) 3조원 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- (주)인켈 기여공헌 : 약 12조원 기여공헌 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 삼성전자주식회사 반도체 기여공헌 : 약 560조원 기여공헌 삼성전자주식회사 싱크마스터 회로설계기여공헌 : 아틀란티스영역에서 설계후 싱크마스터 기술진 인계 약 650조원 기여공헌 SMPS고주파전력회로설계 : MIT공대기술진과 협조, LALANDE 파충류종족기술진 약800조원 지구사회전체 기여공헌, 박종권 몫 약 200조원 (아틀란티스인 영역) 박정희경제개발지원공헌 : 미국대통령 조지부시팀과 협조, 공동보조하여 약 680조원 기여공헌 서울특별시 전체자산치에 대한 기여공헌. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Currency South Korean won (KRW, ₩)

Fiscal year 1 January – 31 December

Trade organizations APEC, WTO, RCEP, OECD, G-20

Country group

Developed/Advanced[1]

High-income economy[2]

Statistics

Population Increase 51,309,705 (2021 est.)[3]

GDP

Increase $1.73 trillion (nominal; 2022)[4]

Increase $2.76 trillion (PPP; 2022)[4]

GDP rank

13th (nominal, 2022)

14th (PPP, 2022)

GDP growth

Increase 4.1% (2021)[5]

Increase 2.6% (2022f)[5]

Increase 2.0% (2023f)[5]

GDP per capita

Increase $33,591 (nominal; 2022)[4]

Increase $53,574 (PPP; 2022)[4]

GDP per capita rank

30th (nominal, 2022)

28th (PPP, 2022)

GDP by sector

agriculture: 2.2%

industry: 39.3%

services: 58.3%

(2017 est.)[3]

Inflation (CPI) 0.5% (2020)[6]

Population below poverty line 14.4% (2016 est.)[3]

Gini coefficient Steady 35.5 medium (2017)[7]

Human Development Index

Increase 0.925 very high (2021)[8] (19th)

Increase 0.838 very high (2021) (21st)[9]

Labor force

Increase 28,466,640 (2020, ILO)[10]

Increase 65.8% employment rate (2020)[6]

Labor force by occupation

agriculture: 4.8%

industry: 24.6%

services: 70.6%

(2017 est.)[3]

Unemployment

Negative increase 3.7% (September 2020)[11]

Negative increase 11.5% youth unemployment (15 to 24-year-olds, September 2020)[12]

Main industries

Electronicstelecommunicationsautomobile productionchemicalsshipbuildingsteel

Ease-of-doing-business rank Steady 5th (very easy, 2020)[13]

External

Exports Increase $644.54 billion (2021)[14]

Export goods

Integrated Circuits 15.35%

Machinery 12.81%

Vehicles and their parts 11.34%

Mineral Fuels 7.01%

Plastics 5.86%

Iron and Steel 4.23%

Instruments and Apparatus 4.16%

Organic Chemicals 3.85%

Others 35.39%

(2019)[15]

Main export partners

 China(-) 25.87%

 ASEAN(+) 17.37%

 United States(+) 14.46%

 European Union(+) 9.34%

 Hong Kong(-) 5.98%

 Japan(+) 4.90%

 Taiwan(+) 3.21%

 Russia(-) 1.35%

Others 17.52%[16]

Imports Increase $615.1 billion (2021)[14]

Import goods

Mineral Fuels 25.01%

Machinery 9.17%

Integrated Circuits 7.08%

Instruments and Apparatus 4.88%

Vehicles and their parts 3.23%

Ores, Slags and Ash 3.13%

Iron and Steel 3.02%

Organic Chemicals 2.62%

Others 41.86%

(2019)[15]

Main import partners

 China(+) 23.28%

 United States(-) 12.29%

 European Union(-) 11.87%

 ASEAN(-) 11.72%

 Japan(-) 9.84%

 Australia(-) 4.00%

 Taiwan(+) 3.81%

 Saudi Arabia(-) 3.42%

Others 19.77%[16]

FDI stock

Increase $230.6 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]

Decrease Abroad: $344.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[3]

Current account Decrease $68 billion (2020)[6]

Gross external debt Negative increase $542.4 billion (2020)[17]

 

 



SOUTH-KOREA의 1960년도 국민소득GNP는 약 50US$이었다.

우리가 기억하기로는, 먹는 물, 샘물을 페트병에 넣어서 팔기 시작한 시기는 약 서기1990년경이다. 아마도 서기1988년 서울올림픽전후로 해서, 먹는 샘물들이 페트병에 담겨서 팔리기 시작하고, 각종 음료수, 주류들도 페트병에 담겨서 큰 용량으로 판매되기 시작한다. 시기는 대략 1990년초반이거나 1980년 말경(1988년 올림픽전후)이다.

그리고 우리가 최초로 미국출장을 간 것은 서기1991경인 듯 싶다.

그 이전은 모르겠고(해외교포나 외교부 공무원들, 근무자들, 해외주재원들은 잘 알겠지만) 가보니까 먹는 샘물도 선진국에서는 오래전부터 페트병에 담아서 팔고 있었던 듯 싶다. 그리고 제품의 종류나 가짓수가 한국내 제품들의 종류나 가짓수에 비교할바가 아닐정도로 다종다양하고 겉모습, 외관만 봐도 풍요와 넉넉함의 표현이었다.

특히 맥주의 종류와 가짓수는 상상을 초월한다. 한국은, 당시 오비맥주, 크라운맥주 정도인데, 미국은 어마어마하다.

일단 겉보기나 속내용이나 과거 경제개발시기에 비하여 크게 변화됨을 보여준 시기는 88년도 올림픽이다.

노태우 대통령이 제한을 푸는데, 올림픽이 계기로서, 이 당시 흑백 텔리비젼이 컬러 텔리비젼으로 전격 변경된다. 이후 선진국형 소비제품들이 도입되기 시작한다. 이후 고급 럭셔리 고층 아파트들이 본격 선보이기 시작한다. 그게 시작점은 1990년이다.

그러기 전을 보게 되면, 대부분 먹는 물은 우물물 파서 먹고, 샘물떠다 마시고, 콜라나 사이다 음료수 종류는, 간혹 목마르면 한병 사다가 먹는 정도이며, 아이스크림은 그저 간혹 한두개씩 사먹고 그랬다.

냉장고가 본격도입된 것도 올림픽전후로서, 물론 그 이전부터 도입은 되었지만, 일반대중에게 공용화한 시기는 올림픽을 전후헤서다. 그 이전은 찬장이 고작이고, 음식이라고 해 봐야, 날짜 지나면 금방 부패하고 김치는 금방 시어지고 그랬다. 개구리 올챙이 시절모른다고 현재시점에서 보면 도대체 언제 그랬냐 싶은 마음이 들거다

그게 바로 올림픽 바로 직전까지다. 즉, 박정희 경제개발이 종결되고 전두환 정권이 시작된 그 시점에서도 여전히 그게 안 되었지만, 올림픽이 그렇게 되도록 만들어준 것이다

우리가 잘 살게 된 것(?)은 고작 30년 정도로서(정식 시간대에서는 고작 17년 정도 경과되다) 그 이전을 보면, 우리가 어린시절 국민학교 다니고 중학교 다니고 그럴때나 그 이후나 그다지 변화되지 않았다는 점을 주목해야 한다.

다만, 88 올림픽이 그렇게 만들어주는데, 도대체 왜 그럴까? 그 이전은 돈이 없었고, 그 이후에 갑자기 벼락부자가 된 것일까? 아니다

돈은 그대로인데, 마음만 바꾼 것이다.

그 마음이 올림픽을 통해서 풀어짐으로서 그로서 매출을 일으키고 이익을 증대시키고(세계인들의 마음주목을 받다) 사람들의 옹골차고 인색한 편협스런 마음들을 풀어준 것이다.

미국이 늘 잘사는 나라였을까? 아니다

미국도 어려움을 많이 겪는다. 특히 대공황기의 미국은 거지떼가 넘쳐난다. 긴급구호소에는 식량베급을 받으려고 줄 서는 사람들, 일자리를 찾아서 여기 저기 떠도는 사람들이 홍수를 이룬다.

어려움에 처한 미국경제를 회생시킨 주역은 제1,2차세계대전이다.

그리고 이어서, 미국이 단행한 가난한 나라들과 파괴된 나라들에 대한 지원정책들이다. 미국은 다 알다시피, 제2차세계대전으로 잿더미가 된 유럽경제를 부흥시키기 위한 마샬계획을 입안하여 유럽을 전폭적으로 지원한다. 게다가 한국, 일본등 전후 잿더미가 되거나, 6.25전쟁등으로 파괴된 가난한 나라에 대해서 많은 지원을 아끼지 않는다. 제2차세계대전 종전이후의 미국은, 그야말로 달러화에 기재된 IN GOD WE TRUST를 모범적으로 실천한 나라였다. 그러한 점들이 오늘날 미국의 부흥과 번영의 밑받침이 된 것이다.

물론, 그 시대적 상황과 여건에 따라서 사는 것이 맞다.

우리가 기억하기로는, 우리가 살던 증평시대는, 국민소득이 고작50달러정도에 불과했고, 이후로도 계속 100달러, 200달러, 500달러대에 머문다. 70년대는 고작 500불 수준에서 1000불 수준까지 안간힘을 써서 도약하던 시기다.

그 수준의 세상에서는 그 수준에 맞게 사는 것이 맞다.

냉장고도 없었고 텔리비젼도 없었다. 입을 옷이 단 한벌뿐이었던 적도 있었는데, 츄리닝 한벌이다. 말 그대로 북조선인민들 헐벗고 굶주린다고 선전되던 북조선 인민수준보다 더 못하게 살았다.

먹는 물을 사서 먹어? 어림반푼도 없는 소리? 상상도 안 되는 주장?

우리가 자꾸 이런 말을 반복하는 것은 하도 어이가 없어서 그렇다. 특히 파렴치한 짐승 이건희와 이재용이다.

현대를 사는 박종권이는, 국민소득이 현재기준 약 27000달러로 정부발표가 되어 있는 시대에서 살고 있다. 그런데, 그 시대에서도 가장 하전민이다. 가장 가난한 놈이다. 그런데 이건희 놈과 이재용이 놈이 발을 바꾸고, 유체를 이동시키는 수법으로서, 제 놈들이 만든 지옥유계맵, 서재맵들에 가두고, 아주 못 먹고 못 살던 과거 시대로 위치이동시킨후, 터무니없는 시비를 걸고, 마치 제 놈들은 근검절약하고 국가와 민족 사람들을 위해서 뭐 희생하고 먹어도 되는데, 안 먹고, 절약하고 모범을 보이는 놈들인 척 하려는 의도(권세, 헤게모니 장악, 인민에 대한 통치지배권장악이 목적)로서 국민소득 27000불 시대를 사는 놈을 국민소득 50불 시대로 보내놓고, 그 시대 사람처럼 살라고 강압하고 협박공갈을 쳐대는 악랄한 만행을 자행하기 시작한 것이 이유다. 이거 말도 안 되는 개새끼들이다.

이건희놈은, 지금 내게 16억8천만원을 줘야 한다. 그 자신이 원본래적자기자신적원본원적원본인으로서 그렇게 하겠다고 공언하고 약속했기 때문이다. 그러나 이 짐승아수라놈은, 그렇게 할 의도가 전혀 없다. 그래서 아예 못 먹고 못 살던 시대로 귀양을 보내놓고, 사사건건 시시비비하고, 개인의 소비생활까지 건건이 시비를 걸고 넘어지는 수법을 전개하기 시작한다. 좀 전에 우리가 4000원짜리 와인 한병을 편의점에서 사서 고시원으로 가져와서 먹는데, 히로히토 일황과 이건희, 이재용이가 번갈아 나타나면서, 꼬치 꼬치 시비를 걸고 뭐 비싼 것을 사다 먹는다느니, 어쩌느니 하면서 어처구니 없는 지랄을 쳐대기 시작하는데, 우리가 지나간 세월 17년을 갇혀 지옥같은 세상으로 끌려와서 살았지만, 세상에 이런 시비를 거는 어처구니 없는 놈들은 처음본다.

왜 그런가를 보면, 약속한 돈을 줄 의도가 없는 것이다. 역공이다. 아예 네가 약속했던 돈을 왜 안주느냐 하고 시비조차 걸수 없게 만들려고 고약한 잔꾀를 부리는 것이다. 그런 돈을 주겠다고 말한적이 있느냐 없느냐는 아예 거론치도 않고, 국민소득 50불시대를 표면화시키면서 이 놈 저 놈 보내서 어처구니 없는 개소리를 늘어붓고, 시비를 거는 수법이다. 이재용놈이 미친놈처럼 지랄댄다. 이 새끼하고 와인(4000원짜리)을 나눠먹는 놈은 죽여버린다고 지랄을 친다. 이거 미친새끼다.

가만 보니까, 요 새끼들이 일본천황 히로히토 시대의 부산에 와서, 6.25전쟁발발시기에 일본천황과 일본수뇌부에게 잘 보이려고 지랄을 쳐 대고 있을 때다. 물론 그 시기는 이미 지나갔다. 하지만 요 새끼들이 같은 짓을 두번 반복하려고 다시 이 시기로 온 것이다. 즉, 처음시기는 이미 끝났지만, 또 다시 두번째 해 처 먹으려고 같은 짓을 반복하기 시작한 것이다.

그러는 가운데, 박종권이를 가운데 세워놓고, 이용해 처 먹으려 하는데, 박종권이가 그 시대적 상황에 맞게 근검절약하고 안 먹고 굶고 그래야 하는데, 요 새끼가 시건방을 떤다고 시비를 거는거다. 어처구니가 없는 개새끼들이다. 

실제로는 국민소득이 2만불이 넘는 시대에 사는 사람인데 이것을 무시하고, 파충류종, 선비족의 힘을 악용해서 사람을 잡아다놓고 무력, 폭행, 협박, 공갈질로서 제압하고 굴종시키려고 개지랄을 쳐대는 놈들이다. 그래야 박종권이를 거쳐서 일본천황 히로히토의 환심을 사고, 6.25전쟁을 통해서 이익을 얻을수 있을 것이기에 그러하다.

매질까지 해야 한다는 어처구니 없는 개소리를 일삼는 지경이다.

이재용이 놈이다. 이 씨발놈이 미쳐서 환장했다.

준다고 약속한 돈 16억8천만원을 아예 줄 생각조차 없고, 그간 해 처먹은 이익들도 제 놈들이 잘해서 그런 것이라는 식으로 거짓주장하고, 두번째 시기를 만들어 두번 해먹으려고 이 짓을 자행하는 놈이다. 약속을 지키는 것은 고사하고, 아예 이를 무시묵살하는 것을 초월해서, 그 시대의 국가상황과 여건까지도 묵살 무시하려 들고, 어처구니 없이 과거 못 먹고 못 살던 시대의 것을 강요까지 하려는 미친놈들이 이건희, 이재용이 놈이다.

아령은, 약속을 어기고, 사회적공언을 무시묵살하며, 현재시대의 국가사회적경제적정치적상황과 여건을 무시묵살하며, 어처구니없게도 과거 못 먹고 못 살던 시대를 강요하고 이를 협박공갈하며 위박침박겁박협박폭력폭행위협까지 자행하는 이건희, 이재용, 히로히토 일본천황등 그렇게 하는 자들에 대해서 지속적 항구적 항속적 종신적 영원적 영겁적 영구적 영속적으로 무조건 참수형에 처하고 무조건 살해사형제거소멸시키며 무조건 추방제거토록 지속적으로 관수처리하다.

ANDROMEDA GALAXY연합원로원

MURDEK연합원로원

MALDEK연합원로원


우리가 느끼기로는, 예전 증평에서 살던 시기나, 봉천동에서 살던 시기에는, 이렇다 저렇다가 없었다는 점이다. 증평은 내가 기억하는 바로는, 그런대로 괜찮았다. 그리고 비록 봉천동에서 어렵게 살기는 했으나, 그렇다고 해서 그렇게 불편하지도 않았는데, 그게 그렇다. 그게 그 시대적 상황인데, 내가 보는 바로는, 우리 집이 어렵게 살고 그 시대상황에 비춰봐도 하층민으로서 사는 정도인데도, 그렇게까지는 불편하다거나 구차하다는 느낌이 없었는데, 다만 아버지였던 박원규씨의 그 옹고집스런 (아)플레이아데스 4대성품측면이 문제였지, 무슨 돈이 없고 가난하고 그런 건 별 문제가 없었고, 차라리 그 시대가 더 나았다고 본다는 점이다. 그 시기 우리는 돈이 있고 없고 그런건 관심도 없고, 그다지 현실적이지도 않았다. 다만 우리는 헐리우드 영화를 흑백TV로 보고, 도서관 가서 그리스로마신화를 읽고 그러면서 혼자 공상하고 상상하고 살고 그랬지 돈이 없고 뭐 가난하고 보리밥 먹고 남들처럼 좋은 옷 입고 살지 못하고 그래서 그랬던 적은 전혀 없었고, 다만, 그 시대적 상황에서 보면, 오히려 그 시대나 더 꿈이 있고 낭만이 있는데, 다만 박원규씨의 그 이상한 성품과 지나치게 가난궁핍하게 몰고가는 박원규적 품성이 문제일 뿐이었다는 점인데, 이게 이건희도 비슷하다. 이 사람 성품도 보면, 박원규 성품과 유사하다.

말하자면 시대적 상황과 조건이 그래서 그러기는 하지만, 그래도 사람이 막걸리 한잔 먹고 나름대로 여유도 가지고 좀 느긋하게 관조하면서 가기도 하고 그래야 하는데, 난리를 쳐대는 그 성품이다. 그게 이건희놈도 똑같다. 그래서 우리가 이건희를 보고 용팔이라고 부르는 이유다.

말하자면, 히로히토천황이든, 이건희든, 이재용이든, 이상한 반사회적인격장애성품들이라는 점이다.


우측右側therightsideone'sright목사람·동물등neck특히목의앞부분throatthroat목구멍목소리voicecervix



아틀란티스-지구인박종권 기여공헌도

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(주식회사)인켈 정보기기사업부 터미널용 모니터 회로설계 - 아틀란티스레벨영역에서 지원, 총9조원의 이익에 기여공헌 (4년 투자후 터미널회로설계완료, 인켈 터미널 적용된 것으로 목격관찰)

(주식회사)인켈 북미서부사업진출 기타기여공헌 : (공식적) 3조원

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(주)인켈 기여공헌 : 약 12조원 기여공헌

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삼성전자주식회사 반도체 기여공헌 : 약 560조원 기여공헌

삼성전자주식회사 싱크마스터 회로설계기여공헌 : 아틀란티스영역에서 설계후 싱크마스터 기술진 인계 약 650조원 기여공헌

SMPS고주파전력회로설계 : MIT공대기술진과 협조, LALANDE 파충류종족기술진 약800조원 지구사회전체 기여공헌, 박종권 몫 약 200조원 (아틀란티스인 영역)

박정희경제개발지원공헌 : 미국대통령 조지부시팀과 협조, 공동보조하여 약 680조원 기여공헌

서울특별시 전체자산치에 대한 기여공헌.

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Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.[7] The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons",[8] and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[8] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[9] A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This may include school, family, the workplace,[10] the home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture is on social media websites.[11] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior."[12] A study by The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in 2019 showed a relationship between social media use by girls and an increase in their exposure to bullying.[13] Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying,[14] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[15] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[16] Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability.[17][18][19] Etymology The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch: boel, "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German: buole, "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[20] In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt[21] and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit, Roosevelt's coining and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him"). Types Bullying has been classified by the body of literature into different types. These can be in the form of nonverbal, verbal, or physical behavior. Another classification is based on perpetrators or the participants involved, so that the types include individual and collective bullying. Other interpretation also cite emotional and relational bullying in addition to physical harm inflicted towards another person or even property.[22] There is also the case of the more recent phenomenon called cyberbullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier while continuing into later stages in individuals lives. Individual Individual bullying tactics are perpetrated by a single person against a victim or victims.[23] Individual bullying can be classified into four types outlined below:[24] Physical Physical bullying is any bullying that hurts someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and intentionally destroying someone's property are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a victim will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is his/her body, or some part thereof; or an object as a weapon when attacking his/her victim. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and "beaten up" by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental or fatal ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly to prevent any further escalation.[25] Verbal Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking, other use of the voice, or some form of body language and does not involve any physical contact. Bullying usually begins at this stage and includes any of the following: Derogatory name-calling and nicknaming Spreading rumors or lying about someone Threatening someone Yelling at or talking to someone in a rude or unkind tone of voice, especially without justifiable cause Mocking someone's voice or style of speaking Laughing at someone Use of body language (i.e., the middle finger) to torture someone Making insults or otherwise making fun of someone In verbal bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders, but girls are more likely to perform it. Girls, in general, are more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power, often to try to impress someone they idolize. Many boys are subtle enough to use verbal techniques for domination when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[26] Relational Relational bullying (sometimes referred to as social aggression) is the type of bullying that uses relationships to hurt others.[27] The term also denotes any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational bullying is a form of bullying common among youth, but particularly upon girls. Social exclusion (slighting or making someone feel "left out") is one of the most common types of relational bullying. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. Unlike physical bullying which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed.[28] Cyber Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking, a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time.[29] This includes bullying by use of email, instant messaging, social media websites (such as Facebook), text messages, and cell phones. It is stated that Cyberbullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[24] Collective Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a victim or victims. Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader, is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers. Mobbing Main article: Mobbing Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial/racial, general harassment.[30] Characteristics Bullies and accomplices Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[31] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[32][33] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[34] they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[35] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[36] Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.[37][full citation needed] Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[38] and personality disorders,[39] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[40] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[41] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[42] Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[43] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[24] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers."[44] Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[45] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[24] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[46] Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[47] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[48] In a recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying.[49] Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another.[50] Bystanders Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[51][52] Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[53] Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[54][55] In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[56] Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression.[57] Victims Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers."[44] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[58] Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as a frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students.[49][59][60][61][62] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[49] It has also been shown that victims are more likely to employ self-defeating or self-deprecating humor intended to entertain others at the expense of themselves and their own feelings.[63] The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[44] Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness. Effects Unbalanced scales.svg This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (May 2014) Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide"[64] Those who have been the targets of bullying can develop long-term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[65] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[49][66] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.[67] Both victims and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness.[49] Suicide Main articles: Bullying and suicide and List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.[68] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[69] Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[70] In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.[71] All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls is associated with depression even a couple years later.[72] Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.[72] A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.[73] In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.[74] The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[74] A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.[75] If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.[72] The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.[73] The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.[73] While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligan, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Nicola Ann Raphael, Megan Meier, Audrie Pott, Tyler Clementi, Jamey Rodemeyer, Kenneth Weishuhn, Jadin Bell, Kelly Yeomans, Rehtaeh Parsons, Amanda Todd, Brodie Panlock,[76] Jessica Haffer,[77] Hamed Nastoh,[78] Sladjana Vidovic,[79] April Himes,[80] Cherice Moralez[81] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[82] According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.[83] Strength and wisdom Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[84] Others, however, have pointed out that this is only true for normal peer conflicts but not for bullying cases.[85] The teaching of anti-bullying coping skills to children, carers and teachers has been found to be an effective long-term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[86] Testosterone production Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts.[87] Dark triad Main article: Dark triad Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[88] Projection Main article: Psychological projection A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[89] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[90] Emotional intelligence Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[91] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[92] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[93] Context Internet Main article: Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of authoritative (including parental) supervision.[94] Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying.[95] Cyberbullying includes abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, and social networking sites.[96] Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.[97] Disability Main article: Disability bullying Disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[98] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with developmental disabilities such as autism[99][100] and developmental coordination disorder.[101][102] There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed] Homosexuality Main article: Gay bashing Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian, or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying, as well as be bullied.[103][104] Law Main article: Legal abuse Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.[citation needed] Military Main articles: Bullying in the military and Dedovshchina In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[105] Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[106] Parenting See also: Child abuse, Narcissistic parent, and Parental narcissistic abuse Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[107] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[108] Prison Main article: Prisoner abuse The prison environment is known for bullying. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus, the following possible bullying scenarios are possible: Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying) Staff bullies inmate Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying) Inmate bullies staff School Main article: School bullying A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention graphic presenting school anti-bullying guidelines. It is important to distinguish school bullying that per definition has the goal of harming the victim from normal peer conflict that is an inherent part of everyday school life and often promotes social development.[109] Unlike normal conflict, bullying is a systematic and repeated abuse committed intentionally by another student who has more power (physical, social, or otherwise). Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess. Bullying also takes place in school hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. In the 2011 documentary Bully, we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus. As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes. While bullying has no age limit, these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them. Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target. Teachers play an important role in bullying prevention and intervention because they are the adults who spend most of their time with the students.[110][111] Bullying can, however, also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion—even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[112][113][114] In 2016, in Canada, a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied in his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care (the "duty of care" that the school board owes to its students). Thus, it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child, because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students. There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College, 2013).[115] Heterosexuality Main article: Sexual bullying See also: Slut-shaming Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[116] Transsexuality Main article: Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[117] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation. Work Main article: Workplace bullying Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm.[118] Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target. Bullies can also be peers, and occasionally can be subordinates.[119] The first known documented use of "workplace bullying" is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It.[120][121] Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence, and maintenance of bullying behavior.[122] Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture.[10] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace.[123] Academia Main article: Bullying in academia Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[124] Blue-collar jobs Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue-collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[125] Information technology Main article: Bullying in information technology A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[126] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[127] Courts Main article: Bullying in the legal profession Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.[128] Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more affected, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.[129] Medicine Main articles: Bullying in medicine and Bullying in nursing Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle. Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[127][130] Teaching Main article: Bullying in teaching School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment. Machines Children have been observed bullying anthropomorphic robots designed to assist the elderly. Their attacks start with blocking the robots' paths of movement and then escalate to verbal abuse, hitting and destroying the object. Seventy-five percent of the kids interviewed perceived the robot as "human-like" yet decided to abuse it anyway, while 35% of the kids who beat up the robot did so "for enjoyment".[131] Prevention Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce and stop bullying.[132] Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaigns and events include Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day and National Bullying Prevention Month. Anti-bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states, making bullying in schools illegal.[133] Responses Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour. Common responses are to try to ignore it, to confront the bullies, or to turn to an authority figure. Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing, and it can become worse over time.[134] It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on, as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected.[135] Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying, as doing nothing can encourage it to continue, while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it.[136] Authority figures can play an important role, such as parents or teachers in child or adolescent situations, or supervisors, human-resources staff or parent-bodies in workplace and volunteer settings. In the school context, teachers who set clear boundaries, communicate seriously that bullying behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated, and involve school administrators have been shown to reduce bullying.[137] Discussing bullying and its consequences with the whole class is also an important intervention that not only reduces bullying, but also encourages other students to step in and stop bullying even before it reaches its full form.[138] In general, authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour, and creating an environment that does not encourage or promote bullying.[139][140] In many situations, authority figures are untrained and unqualified, do not know how to respond, and can make the situation worse.[141] In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying, facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target.[142] Some of the most effective ways to respond are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place, and to create an environment where it will not continue.[143] See also Abuse Abusive power and control Bashing (pejorative) Brodie's Law (act) Bully (2011 film) Bullying and suicide Bullying of students in higher education Discrimination Harassment Hate crime Hazing Mobbing Passive-aggressive behavior Psychological trauma Relational aggression Scapegoating Social dominance orientation Social exclusion Social media and suicide Social rejection Social undermining Taunting Teasing The Bully: A Discussion and Activity Story (book) Victimisation Workplace bullying References

Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) of an imbalance of physical or social power. This imbalance distinguishes bullying from conflict.[1][2] Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, imbalance of power and repetition over a period of time.[3] Bullying is the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying can be done individually or by a group, called mobbing,[4] in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully by providing positive feedback such as laughing.[5] Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse".[6] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.[7] The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons",[8] and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways".[8] Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[9] A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This may include school, family, the workplace,[10] the home, and neighborhoods. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture is on social media websites.[11] In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying] was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior."[12] A study by The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in 2019 showed a relationship between social media use by girls and an increase in their exposure to bullying.[13] Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of bullying,[14] while some states in the United States have laws against it.[15] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – psychological (sometimes called emotional or relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[16] Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment, or threat, and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability.[17][18][19] Etymology The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch: boel, "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German: buole, "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[20] In the past, in American culture, the term has been used differently, as an exclamation/exhortation, in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt[21] and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit, Roosevelt's coining and also as faint/deprecating praise ("bully for him"). Types Bullying has been classified by the body of literature into different types. These can be in the form of nonverbal, verbal, or physical behavior. Another classification is based on perpetrators or the participants involved, so that the types include individual and collective bullying. Other interpretation also cite emotional and relational bullying in addition to physical harm inflicted towards another person or even property.[22] There is also the case of the more recent phenomenon called cyberbullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier while continuing into later stages in individuals lives. Individual Individual bullying tactics are perpetrated by a single person against a victim or victims.[23] Individual bullying can be classified into four types outlined below:[24] Physical Physical bullying is any bullying that hurts someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and intentionally destroying someone's property are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a victim will experience. Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is his/her body, or some part thereof; or an object as a weapon when attacking his/her victim. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and "beaten up" by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental or fatal ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly to prevent any further escalation.[25] Verbal Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking, other use of the voice, or some form of body language and does not involve any physical contact. Bullying usually begins at this stage and includes any of the following: Derogatory name-calling and nicknaming Spreading rumors or lying about someone Threatening someone Yelling at or talking to someone in a rude or unkind tone of voice, especially without justifiable cause Mocking someone's voice or style of speaking Laughing at someone Use of body language (i.e., the middle finger) to torture someone Making insults or otherwise making fun of someone In verbal bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders, but girls are more likely to perform it. Girls, in general, are more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power, often to try to impress someone they idolize. Many boys are subtle enough to use verbal techniques for domination when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else.[26] Relational Relational bullying (sometimes referred to as social aggression) is the type of bullying that uses relationships to hurt others.[27] The term also denotes any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational bullying is a form of bullying common among youth, but particularly upon girls. Social exclusion (slighting or making someone feel "left out") is one of the most common types of relational bullying. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others. Unlike physical bullying which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed.[28] Cyber Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking, a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time.[29] This includes bullying by use of email, instant messaging, social media websites (such as Facebook), text messages, and cell phones. It is stated that Cyberbullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[24] Collective Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a victim or victims. Collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader, is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers. Mobbing Main article: Mobbing Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family, peer group, school, workplace, neighborhood, community, or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation, it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial/racial, general harassment.[30] Characteristics Bullies and accomplices Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[31] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[32][33] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[34] they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[35] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[36] Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults.[37][full citation needed] Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[38] and personality disorders,[39] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[40] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[41] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[42] Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[43] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[24] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers."[44] Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[45] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[24] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[46] Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[47] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[48] In a recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying.[49] Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another.[50] Bystanders Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[51][52] Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[53] Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[54][55] In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[56] Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression.[57] Victims Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers."[44] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[58] Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as a frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students.[49][59][60][61][62] Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.[49] It has also been shown that victims are more likely to employ self-defeating or self-deprecating humor intended to entertain others at the expense of themselves and their own feelings.[63] The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[44] Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness. Effects Unbalanced scales.svg This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (May 2014) Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide"[64] Those who have been the targets of bullying can develop long-term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[65] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[49][66] A mental health report also found that bullying was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects.[67] Both victims and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness.[49] Suicide Main articles: Bullying and suicide and List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide.[68] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[69] Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Asian Americans, and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[70] In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying.[71] All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls is associated with depression even a couple years later.[72] Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying.[72] A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and a bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression.[73] In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied.[74] The same study also showed a higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.[74] A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience a higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media.[75] If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented.[72] The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or a stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs.[73] The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying.[73] While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligan, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Nicola Ann Raphael, Megan Meier, Audrie Pott, Tyler Clementi, Jamey Rodemeyer, Kenneth Weishuhn, Jadin Bell, Kelly Yeomans, Rehtaeh Parsons, Amanda Todd, Brodie Panlock,[76] Jessica Haffer,[77] Hamed Nastoh,[78] Sladjana Vidovic,[79] April Himes,[80] Cherice Moralez[81] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[82] According to the suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt.[83] Strength and wisdom Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[84] Others, however, have pointed out that this is only true for normal peer conflicts but not for bullying cases.[85] The teaching of anti-bullying coping skills to children, carers and teachers has been found to be an effective long-term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[86] Testosterone production Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts.[87] Dark triad Main article: Dark triad Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[88] Projection Main article: Psychological projection A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[89] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[90] Emotional intelligence Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[91] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[92] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[93] Context Internet Main article: Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of authoritative (including parental) supervision.[94] Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying.[95] Cyberbullying includes abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, and social networking sites.[96] Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.[97] Disability Main article: Disability bullying Disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[98] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with developmental disabilities such as autism[99][100] and developmental coordination disorder.[101][102] There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed] Homosexuality Main article: Gay bashing Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian, or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying, as well as be bullied.[103][104] Law Main article: Legal abuse Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.[citation needed] Military Main articles: Bullying in the military and Dedovshchina In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[105] Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[106] Parenting See also: Child abuse, Narcissistic parent, and Parental narcissistic abuse Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[107] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[108] Prison Main article: Prisoner abuse The prison environment is known for bullying. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus, the following possible bullying scenarios are possible: Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying) Staff bullies inmate Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying) Inmate bullies staff School Main article: School bullying A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention graphic presenting school anti-bullying guidelines. It is important to distinguish school bullying that per definition has the goal of harming the victim from normal peer conflict that is an inherent part of everyday school life and often promotes social development.[109] Unlike normal conflict, bullying is a systematic and repeated abuse committed intentionally by another student who has more power (physical, social, or otherwise). Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess. Bullying also takes place in school hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. In the 2011 documentary Bully, we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus. As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes. While bullying has no age limit, these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them. Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target. Teachers play an important role in bullying prevention and intervention because they are the adults who spend most of their time with the students.[110][111] Bullying can, however, also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion—even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[112][113][114] In 2016, in Canada, a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied in his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care (the "duty of care" that the school board owes to its students). Thus, it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child, because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students. There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College, 2013).[115] Heterosexuality Main article: Sexual bullying See also: Slut-shaming Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls – although it is more commonly directed at girls. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[116] Transsexuality Main article: Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically, sexually, or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual.[117] Unlike gay bashing, it is committed because of the target's actual or perceived gender identity, not sexual orientation. Work Main article: Workplace bullying Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm.[118] Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, psychological, physical abuse and humiliation. This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because, unlike the typical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target. Bullies can also be peers, and occasionally can be subordinates.[119] The first known documented use of "workplace bullying" is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work: How to Confront and Overcome It.[120][121] Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group-level processes that impact on the incidence, and maintenance of bullying behavior.[122] Bullying can be covert or overt. It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization. Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals, and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture.[10] A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace.[123] Academia Main article: Bullying in academia Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[124] Blue-collar jobs Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue-collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[125] Information technology Main article: Bullying in information technology A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[126] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[127] Courts Main article: Bullying in the legal profession Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions. It is believed that its adversarial, hierarchical tradition contributes towards this.[128] Women, trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more affected, as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian, gay and bisexual lawyers.[129] Medicine Main articles: Bullying in medicine and Bullying in nursing Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle. Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossiping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[127][130] Teaching Main article: Bullying in teaching School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment. Machines Children have been observed bullying anthropomorphic robots designed to assist the elderly. Their attacks start with blocking the robots' paths of movement and then escalate to verbal abuse, hitting and destroying the object. Seventy-five percent of the kids interviewed perceived the robot as "human-like" yet decided to abuse it anyway, while 35% of the kids who beat up the robot did so "for enjoyment".[131] Prevention Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce and stop bullying.[132] Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaigns and events include Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day and National Bullying Prevention Month. Anti-bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states, making bullying in schools illegal.[133] Responses Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour. Common responses are to try to ignore it, to confront the bullies, or to turn to an authority figure. Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing, and it can become worse over time.[134] It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on, as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected.[135] Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying, as doing nothing can encourage it to continue, while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it.[136] Authority figures can play an important role, such as parents or teachers in child or adolescent situations, or supervisors, human-resources staff or parent-bodies in workplace and volunteer settings. In the school context, teachers who set clear boundaries, communicate seriously that bullying behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated, and involve school administrators have been shown to reduce bullying.[137] Discussing bullying and its consequences with the whole class is also an important intervention that not only reduces bullying, but also encourages other students to step in and stop bullying even before it reaches its full form.[138] In general, authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour, and creating an environment that does not encourage or promote bullying.[139][140] In many situations, authority figures are untrained and unqualified, do not know how to respond, and can make the situation worse.[141] In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying, facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target.[142] Some of the most effective ways to respond are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place, and to create an environment where it will not continue.[143] See also Abuse Abusive power and control Bashing (pejorative) Brodie's Law (act) Bully (2011 film) Bullying and suicide Bullying of students in higher education Discrimination Harassment Hate crime Hazing Mobbing Passive-aggressive behavior Psychological trauma Relational aggression Scapegoating Social dominance orientation Social exclusion Social media and suicide Social rejection Social undermining Taunting Teasing The Bully: A Discussion and Activity Story (book) Victimisation Workplace bullying References